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Slide 1 
 Creating Accessible Video for the Internet
Marsha Schwanke
Burton Blatt Institute (BBI) 
Syracuse University
September 8, 2010

Slide 2
In This Session
	Why Accessible Video?
	Features of Accessible Online Video
	Tools for Accessible Video
	Tips to Plan & Develop Accessible Video
	Examples/Best Practices
	Resources
	Q&A

Slide 3
Video Demand Explosion
	82%–Internet users that view videos online. 

	182–Online videos avg. user watches in 1 month.

	10x longer-Websites with video hold attention.

	2 billion–Videos served by YouTube in 1 day.

	81.9%–Embedded YouTube videos on blogs.

	90%-Est. Internet content video-based by 2012

Slide 4
Why Accessible Video?
	Universal Design to Maximize UseIndividuals who are Deaf/HOH
	Language & literacy: communication, learning
	Environment flexibility: noisy, quiet, shared
	Multi-modes: cognitive disabilities, learning styles
	Technology compatibility & access 

	Searchable Content

	Right Thing to Do …Good Business

	Compliance: Policy, Standards, Laws (State, Federal, International)

Slide 5
Accessible Video: Sample Compliance - 508, WCAG

•	Section 508(a)~WCAG 1 (1.1)~WCAG 2 (1.1,1.2,4.2)Text alternativesfor all non-text content

•	Section 508(b)~WCAG 1 (1.4)~WCAG 2 (1.2)Synch alternativesfor multimedia

•	Section 508(m)~WCAG 1 (6.3,6.4,8.1)~WCAG 2 (2.1,4.1,4.2)Link to applet or required plug-in
Directly accessible or compatible with AT(i.e. keyboard, screen reader, magnifier, etc.)

Slide 6
Accessible Video: Color
	Information cannot be conveyed by color alone

	Sufficient contrast between background and contentBrightness Difference (should be >= 125)
	Color Difference (should be >= 500)

	WCAG 2.0 Level AA / 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum): The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 5:1 (with some exceptions). 

	Tools:Online Color Evaluation Tool
	Colour Contrast Analyser Firefox Extension
	Contrast Analyser
Slide 7Accessible Video: Quick Evaluation
	Ask yourself  –if I can't see or hear the media?
	Captions provided andsynched?
	Transcriptprovided?
	Link to download plug-in?
	Controls keyboard accessible?
	Can screenreader access the controls?
	Sufficient contrastbetween background and content?
	Webpage validate?

	Other:Sign Language Interpretation; Reading Level; Visual Presentation; Abbreviations
	
slide 8 Accessible Video: Key Features
	Video or audio file
	Transcript
	Captions
	Media Player 
	Audio Description

Slide 9 Step 2: Transcript
	Key starting point of accessible video Plain text file (.txt) needed for audio or video file
	Make link to access before or after media
	Publish as a text file and/or webpage
	
	Sources of TranscriptCapture from production
	Typed by hand
	Voice recognition / speech-to-text software

Slide 10 Captions
	Text of the spoken wordSynchronized
	Accessible
	Equivalent

	Includes non-speech audible informationSound effects, music, laughter, speaker id

	Different than “subtitles”(translation)

Slide 11 Types of Captions
	Open captioning (OC)Always visible -“Burned-in”

	Closed captioning (CC)Turn on/off
	Controls for captions in device; some customizable

	Real-Time captioningLive “synched”delivery of dialogue & audio to text
	Runs parallel or via separate application
	
Slide 12 Audio Description AKA Descriptive Video
	Audio description of key visual elementsHelps individuals who are blind, low vision, or anyone unable to see video.
	i.e., Actions, costumes, gestures, scene changes

	Separate audio track synched with video & within natural pauses

	How To: Incorporate in pre-production when scripting video.
	Review standard techniques in audio description.

Slide 13 Examples: Audio Description
	Audio Description Example (MP3) from WebAIM

http://webaim.org/techniques/captions/media/audiodesc.mp3

	Lion King (audio description demo) http://ncamftp.wgbh.org/lionking/lionking_hi.mov

	Assistive Technology Boogie

http://inclusive.com/AT_boogie/at30.swf

slide 14 Common Media Players
Windows Media Player
QuickTime Player
Real Player
FlashJW Player
ccPlayer
Mobile & Apple devices, iTunes
YouTube Player
VideoLANVLC
Media Player 

Slide 15Accessible Video Players (Free)
	Accessible YouTube Player ControlsSome developer knowledge required
	Code and instructions by OSU Web Accessibility Center 
	
	JW PlayerFlash only; supports captions & audio descriptions
	
	VideoLAN-VLC Media PlayerSupports captions & audio descriptions
	
	ccPlayerFlash only; developer knowledge helpful but not necessary
	
slide 16 Planning for Accessible Video
1. What You Need
	Video or audio file
	Transcript of audio portion of video
	Captioning tool or service

2. Develop Plan for Creating Captions
	Delivery of media
	Outline workflow
	Keep in mind: time, $$, resources
	Research issues, standards, tools & services

Slide 17 Planning for Accessible Video: Delivery of Media
	When plan video:Determine audience, Internet connectivity method, format

	Issues:Download time, storage capacity, media players use different formats

	Types: Streaming media (aka VOD)Live or archived content delivered almost real-time to viewer
	Experience as  download; generally not stored on viewer’s system
	Preferable: large files, can jump forward/back in content 
	
	Progressive downloadsFiles downloaded to viewer’s computer
	Not have to be completely downloaded before viewing begins 
	Final result is copy of video exists on viewer’s computer 
	Not desirable: copyright, larger videos, smaller bandwidth versions

Slide 18 Planning for Accessible Video: Workflow and Time
	Workflow (and Impact of Issues)Staff support: Collaboration of content producers and distributors
	Production ease and flexibility to:Rapidly changing formats, playback & distribution devices
	Popularity & availability of video sources
	
	TimeDetailed work, review for accuracy & grammar
	Must understand non-spoken info & how to convey in captions
	Transcription most time consuming
	Total Time: 5-10x length of the video

5 min video – 25 min to 1 hour 15 min video – 1.25-2.5 hours
1 hour video – 15-20 hours             50 videos @ 10 min – 40-80 hrs

Slide 19 Captioning Tools & Services
	Types: DIY, Web/software, Third party
	
	DIY ConsiderationsTime (5-10 hrs. of work per video hr.) 
	Training, learning curve, & support
	How much video and room for growth
	Staff or students and turnover 
	CostSpace, equipment, training, hiring, tech support, mgmt

	

Slide 20 DIY Captioning Tools
	FreeMAGpie
	World Caption

	PurchaseHi-Caption
	SoftelSwift
	MovCaptioner
	Adobe Captivate
	CaptionKeeper

	FlashSubtitle Workshop

Slide 21 Audio Description Tools
DIY Tools:
	MAGpie
	QuickTime Pro
	Adobe Premiere / Audition
	Apple iMovie/ GarageBand

Hire Third Party/Service Providers
	Media Access Group (MAG) at WGBH

Slide 22 Captioning Considerations Web/software & Third-Party
	Research & consider: $, service, & support
	What media formats -requires actual media in hand?
	Scope & growth to need & technology?
	Budget –balance $ and time
	What type of caption data files
	Accuracy not perfect -still requires review
	Cut down on people time / save $$ –or not?

	Integrated systems capture & captioningEcho360
	Panoptos CourseCast
	Adobe Acrobat Connect

Slide 23 Third Party Captioning Providers
	Search for Providers by Location, ServiceClosed Captioning Web –www.captions.org/services.cfm

	AST –Automatic Sync Technologies
	WGBH Media Access Group
	Caption Colorado
	WebWideVideo.com 
	Winged Words Transcription Services 
	Talking Type Captions 
	CaptionMax 
	Omega Transcripts 
	VITAC 
	SubPLY

Slide 24 Planning for Captioning Example
	Stanford Captioning Project(captioning.stanford.edu/service.php)

	Identified Problems, Solutions, & Timeline Converting various media to web-ready format that works with accessible web-based players 
	Text transcript from audio of media 
	Synch text transcript with media 

	Project: Docsoft:AV Captioning Solution (http://docsoft.com/)Tools leverage software with blend of server and desktop applications to quickly and easily produce captioning for digital audio and video content
	
Slide 25 Steps for Accessible Video
1.	Video or audio file 
2.	Transcript
3.	Caption Display: segment & timecode
4.	Create caption files
5.	Combine caption file with video
6.	Publish & distribute captioned media

Slide 26 Step 1: Video or Audio File - Media Players

Microsoft Windows Media Player
	.wmv, .aviVideo File
	.wmaAudio File

Apple QuickTime and iTunes
	.mov, .qtVideo File
	.m4pAudio File

Real Network Real Player
	.rmVideo File
	.ra, .ramAudio File

Adobe Flash Player
	.swf., .flvVideo File
	.mp3 Audio File

VideoLAN VLC
Media Player
	swf., .flvVideo File
	mp3, .m4p      Adio File

Cross-platform media player
Only player that can display both closed captions and closed audio description
Keyboard controls
Screen reader:Labeled buttons
Hidden player controls 

Slide 27 Step 1: Basic Script & Production Tips for Accessibility 
Producing Programs and Videos for Viewers with Vision Impairment (MAG Guide #2)

Accessible Digital Media Guidelines 

Do It Yourself Video Guide for Government Agencies (PDF)

Slide 28 Step 2: Transcript – Content
	Transcribe spoken words and describe other aspects that convey information onscreen and offscreen Narration, dialogue, sound effects, pick-up cues 

Type contractions as spoken (I’ll vs. I will)

Follow standard capitalization & punctuation

Do not spell out numbers

At End:any captioning credits and identify “end of transcript”

Slide 29 Step 2: Transcript – Content
	Sentence SizeDepends on space for captions and font size
	Keep in proportion and display 1-2 sentences

Accurately represent each speaker’s words, conversational quality, and speech patterns. 

Change as little as possible –keep original languageWord for word, except fillers (i.e. um, huh)
	Use correct (not phonetic) spelling
	Do not change sentence structure and grammar (even mispronounce)
	No “water-down”or rewrite, except require for presentation rate

Easy to read & consistent –and spellcheck

Slide 30 Step 2: Transcript - Conventions
Speaker: Name followed by a colon, >>, or >>>
Titles and Reading aloud: italics
Audible breath: hhh
Unclear audio: <inaudible>, <silence>
Singing: where possible, surround with musical note icon

Slide 31 Step 2: Transcript Example
[Bang, sound of a door slamming]
Describer: A woman runs hurriedly out of a house and toward her husband who is mowing the lawn.
Lisa: Do you know where Scruffy is?!
Describer: Man stops mowing and looks puzzled at his wife.
Dan: I haven't seen him for twenty minutes.
[Sound of digging]
Dan: On no! Scruffy is in the flower beds.

Slide 32 Step 3: Caption Display - Preparation
Ensure media edited and final 
Transcript spellchecked

Before import, reformat transcript –save as .txt fileSingle space between each sentence
Double space Create a new caption
Clearing caption / long pause
After last line to avoid drop last caption

Check timecode is 0:00:00.00 and your final timecode is empty caption at end of media

Slide 33 Caption Display – Preparation
Need:
Text editor (i.e. Notepad)
Video
Video player

	Listen to video and pause.After about 10 or more words

TipsMove to next line when you think caption break is appropriate.
Don’t need every word –OK leave out stuttering, unnecessary, etc/ 
Check formatting is correct:>>Speaker’s name
[ Non-audible information in brackets ]

Slide 34 Step 3: Captions Display: Interface

Slide 35 Step 3: Caption Display - Styles
	Contrast background & font colorBlack/white/transparent background
	Black/yellow letters
	
	Case: All caps or mixed acceptable
	Font Type: Sans-serif (Arial, Helvetica, Verdana)
	Font-Size: 12 pt
	Position: Bottom
	Alignment: Left-align or center

Slide 36 Step 3: Caption Display - Size
Caption width usually same width as video

Caption heights ~ 80 px

Amount of words that can display in the caption area depends on size defined

Slide 37 Step 3: Caption Display – Resources
	Captioning Key: Guidelines & Preferred StylesOnline or download PDF file

	NCAM Accessible Digital Media Design GuidelinesFree online or CD available; e-mail access@wgbh.org

Slide 38 Step 4: Caption File – Format & Players

	Microsoft Windows Media Player(SAMI) Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange

	Apple QuickTime and Other Devices(QT) QuickTime Text Track
	(SMIL) Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
	(TTXT) Simple Text File

	Real Network Real Player(RT) Real Text
	(SMIL) Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language

Adobe Flash(DFXP) Distribution Format Exchange Profile
(TTML) Timed Text Markup Language
YouTube(SRT) SubRip, Subtitle
(SBV, SUB) SubViewer

Slide 39 Caption File Example
0:00:00.506,0:00:06.506 
(Music) 

0:00:03.866,0:00:09.866 
The organizations 
that I'm involved 

slide 40 Step 4: Caption File – Naming
	Use consistent naming convention to identify which caption files go to video file
	Use separate folders for different media caption files

	Both SAMI and SMIL use .smi or smil extension
	Always save SMIL files with the .smil extension 
	Always save SAMI files with the .smi extension. 

Slide 41 Step 4: Caption File - Multiple languages
XML File size can impact the performance of the caption display

Because has to load the whole file, use a single XML Captioning file for each language

If use online translation tools to convert to another language, rarely 100% accurate. 

Slide 42 Step 4: Caption File Converters

.srt to DFXP Converter

http://captioning.stanford.edu/convert.php
Slide 43 Example: Searchable Video

Slide 44Example: Accessible Video
Perkins School for the Blind Webcasts, showcase for embedded Flash videos containing both captions and audio descriptions 

Slide 45 You Tube
Intellectual property or privacy concerns? 
	Upload videoFormats: .AVI, .MOV, .WMV, .MPG
	Maximum size: 2 GB 
	Maximum length: 10 minutes
	
	Captions & Subtitles

http://www.youtube.com/t/captions_about

Slide 46 YouTube Auto-Captioning
Need: 
YouTube account
Your video in English-language (uploaded to YouTube)

After login to your YouTube Account:
1.	Go to My Videos & select video to “Edit”
Captions and Subtitles  > “Request Processing”Only shown if video has not been processed

“Machine Transcription (processing)” under caption tracksAvailable after few days
Slide 47YouTube Auto-Timing: Transcript  Tips
Identify long pauses (3 seconds or longer) or music in the transcript with a double line break. 

Use double line breaks anytime you want to force a caption break. 

Descriptions inside square brackets like [music] or [laughter] to convey sound effects. 

Use >> at the beginning of a new line to identify speakers or change of speaker. 

Slide 48 YouTube Auto-Timing
Need: 
YouTube account
Your video in English-language (uploaded to YouTube)
Transcript in English (.txt) of your video

After login to your YouTube Account:
1.	Go to My Videos & select video to “Edit”
2.	Captions and Subtitles  > “Add New Captions or Transcript”
3.	Attach your transcript and select type: “Transcript file”. 
4.	If desired, provide file name (English by default).
5.	Select “Upload file”
6.	Displays under “Available Caption Tracks”

Slide 49 YouTube Captioning
Need: 
YouTube account
Your video in English-language (uploaded to YouTube)
	Caption file (.SUB or .SRT) of your video 

After login to your YouTube Account:
1.	Go to My Videos & select video to “Edit”
2.	Captions and Subtitles  > “Add New Captions or Transcript”
3.	Attach your caption file and select type: “Caption file”. 
4.	If desired, provide file name (English by default).
5.	Select “Upload file”
6.	Displays under “Available Caption Tracks”

Slide 50 YouTube Caption File Download
Need: 
YouTube account
Owner of video

After login to your YouTube Account:
1.	Go to My Videos & select video to “Edit”
2.	Captions and Subtitles pane
3.	Under Caption Tracks, Download – English: Machine Transcription 
	Captions.sbv file will be savedText file with timecodeinformation –use with caption software or open in text editor (i.e. Notepad)

Slide 51 Tips for Optimizing Flash Video Access
Assign text equivalents
Animation: looping elements inaccessible, user control of motion 
Use accessible components–enable Accessibility()
Enable control over reading order
Facilitate keyboard access to all controls
Provide captions
Provide accessible video controls
Enable control over audio playback
Expose structure
Expose state of controls
Use color wisely
Validate for accessibility 

Slide 52 Accessible Video: Handheld Media & Mobile Devices
	What You NeedVideo file: .mov
	Closed caption file: .mp4
	Specialized tools, time –only on Mac

	Resources:Captioning Media for iTunes 

http://captioning.stanford.edu/itunes.php
Creating Accessible iTunes U Content

http://deimos3.apple.com/WebObjects/Core.woa/Browse/wgbh.org.201057 9900 - PDF: http://ncam.wgbh.org/file_download/103
Captioning Solutions for Handheld Media and Mobile Devices

http://ncam.wgbh.org/invent_build/web_multimedia/mobile-devices

Slide 53 Examples: Captioned Podcast

Academic Technology Report Podcast

ASL Video Podcast on Disability Law
Disability Law  Lowdown (DLL) Podcast
Disability Law  Lowdown (DLL) Podcast in Espanol

Slide 54 Advancing Accessible Video
Model policies & standards
Develop accessibility statement
Advocate for more captioned media
Promote awareness of accessibility
Show your appreciation of captioned media
Participate and support training on captioning
Compile & share resources

Slide 55Questions…
Marsha Schwanke
Burton Blatt Institute (BBI) 
Syracuse University
	 msschwan@law.syr.edu

	
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